Essay about Classical Management Theory - 1968 Words

Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced†¦show more content†¦Fayol was like Taylor in his faith in scientific methods. However, Taylor was basically concerned with organizational functions, while Fayol was interested in the total organization and focused on management. Fayol insisted that management was a skill that could be taught once its underlying 14 principles were understood. To him, Managerial Objectives are : Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, and Control, and his tools for accomplishing these objectives were the following 14 principles. Fourteen Principles of Management ? Division of work - limited set of tasks ? Authority and Responsibility - right to give orders ? Discipline - agreements and sanctions ? Unity of Command - only one supervisor ? Unity of Direction - one manager per set of activities ? Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest ? Remuneration of Personnel - fair price for services ? Centralization - reduce importance of subordinate?s role ? Scalar Chain - Fayol?s bridge ? Order - effective and efficient operations ? Equity - kindliness and justice ? Stability of Tenure of Personnel - sufficient time for familiarity ? Initiative - managers should rely on workers? initiative ? Esprit de corps - ?union is strength? ?loyal members? Advantages ? Fayol was the first to give a definition ofShow MoreRelatedClassical Theory And Classical Management Theory1454 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Management Theory originated in the late 19th century however it became widely popular in the first half of the 20th century. During this period, business and organizations were trying to solve issues such as reducing costs, worker relations, and increase productivity and efficiency. Additionally, many businesses and organization found themselves trying to deal with employees who did not speak English. You can say this theory came about as a means to try and find the â€Å"best† solution orRead MoreClassical Management Theory And The Classical Theory1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Classical Management Theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with an emphasis on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of tasks and the work ers responsible for them. It was the foundation of many modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. The Classical Management Theory was broken into three schools of thinking: Scientific management, whichRead MoreClassical Management Theories1568 Words   |  7 PagesSuccessful management requires an understanding of the fundamental concepts of effective management techniques and principles. In order to gain such insight, and manage effectively and efficiently, managers must develop an awareness of past management principles, models and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organisations required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. ThisRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Management2103 Words   |  9 PagesThe Classical Theory of Management During the 1700’s -1800’s a systematic thought process for an established American government battled between Jeffersonianism and Hamiltonianism. The Jeffersonian argued a weak federal government and strong state and local governments, on the grounds that lower-level government will be more responsive than the national government to the popular will. The Jeffersonian also argued that the American economy should rely more on agriculture than on industry and seesRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Management Theory1588 Words   |  7 Pages The Classical Management theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with a goal on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of jobs and the workers in charge for them. It was the foundation of modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. (Robbins Cutler, 2014). The Classical Management T heory was broken into three categories: Scientific ManagementRead MoreClassical Management Theory1529 Words   |  7 PagesClassical management theory, for all it’s rationality and potential to improve efficiency, dehumanised the practice of management (Inkson Kolb, 2001). Choosing either bureaucracy or scientific management, discuss this quote and argue whether modern business’ continues to dehumanise. People’s conception of the nature of work and the social relationships between individuals in various levels in organizations changed, brought by the industrial revolution of the late 1800s. Classical managementRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Management Essay3683 Words   |  15 Pages1 ï  ¶ Classical theory: The Organizations use quality administration frameworks to enhance the effectiveness of their procedures and systems, which can help build peacefulness. Complete Quality Management frameworks utilize a mixture of apparatuses and speculations to enable workers, construct a group climate and concentrate on the voice of the client to convey quality items on time to the customers which can make better and proper formula of work. There is some categorize of classical theory suchRead MoreTheories of Classical Management563 Words   |  2 PagesThe classical approach were established and carried out in the early 1900centyry. Group of technician, manager and scientist came up with idea in order to reduce industrial dispute. They are Frederick Taylor-the theory of scientific management, Max Weber- theory of bureaucracy, and Henri Fayol – theory of classical management. Most of them theories were based on the principal for a comprehensive theory of management. Now I am going to discuss about perspective view of each theories. Frederick TaylorRead MoreClassical Theory : Theory Of Management Essay9754 Words   |  40 Pages1: Classical Theory: The traditional point of view underscores managing work and the need to run company beneficially. The viewpoint is called established in light of the fact the first works and commitments that include the canter of cutting edge administration hypothesis. There are three types of management in classical theory Scientific management, Administrative management and Bureaucratic management. Scientific management: †¢ Scientific Management, called Taylorism, it is a theory of managementRead MoreClassical Theory And Scientific Management Theory1767 Words   |  8 Pagescentury, classical management theory was proposed. This classical management theory maintains labours’ high level specialization, centralized decision making, as well as maximize profit. (www.businessdictioary.com ) The main two thoughts of classical theory are bureaucracy and scientific management. Nowadays some people argue that the classical management theory is no longer suitable for modern world and they are outmoded because of the business environment has changed. This management theory is not

Causes of Frustration Free Essays

We owe a great many thanks to my group members who helped and supported me during the writing of this report. My deepest thanks to Lecturer,[MS NADIA AYUB] for guiding and correcting various documents of ours with attention and care. We express our thanks to all the participants who participated and make us complete our report. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Frustration or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my well wishers who has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYFrustration  always leads to downfall and deviation, because it wastes precious thinking ability and attention, which otherwise would have used else in constructive and/or creative work. The academic environment continues to grow more and more competitive with each passing semester, and the skills that are necessary for students to successfully complete their chosen programs of study grow along with it. Students are now expected to complete longer, more detailed reports than ever before. As well as we go around the streets, we find people arguing and fighting with others.That shows frustration in them which is mostly created by our current country situation and economic instability, as well as the financial positions of our people. Our inflation rate is increasing day by day which makes people frustrated. That clearly shows our aim of the topic. The frustrations are of 2 types 1) Internal 2) External The main hypothesis we concluded is that people in Pakistan, especially our youth has developed a psyche to transfer their burden on others and criticize others.Through our questionnaire we have concluded that our youth need to be groomed for hard work and be focused on there on tasks as well as avoid conflicts and should have positive attitudes with each other. We members, SHEHARYAR NASEEM, SHOAIB RASHID, SAAD RASHID, ASHFAQ SOLANGI, has done research through questionnaire and came up to the above findings and results. INTRODUCTION Causes of frustration could be very practical and vast topic, as we can see in our daily life we find people fighting and cursing each other, which might be the reason of our country and economic conditions.This has actually created a very dynamic situation of our country and that†™s the reason of conflicts among people. Frustration could very lethal, because of it people could become hopeless and that’s very drastic sign for any nation. According to our findings and research we have find that frustration could of 2 types 1) Internal 2) External To the individual experiencing frustration, the emotion is usually attributed to external factors which are beyond their control.We tend to experience internal emotions of anger and disappointment when our desires go unmet or in conflict with authority figures. External causes of frustration is when something beyond our control stops us from reaching our goals (Goal: College Degree†¦ Frustration: Too Little Money to Attend College). Although mild frustration due to internal factors (e. g. laziness, lack of effort). The other factors could be our expectations from others which we have concluded that it can never be at the level the person is expecting. rustration usually comes from lack of patience sometimes low intelligence stubborn or even jealousy all can be subconscious nature so don’t understand you getting frustrated it can also be because something isn’t going your way after repeated attempts at something. According to our research frustration is mostly caused by INTERNAL factors, rather than external. People tend to delay things, because of lack of knowledge or education. Procrastination is the biggest enemy for one’s creativity. Only mental strength fights frustration.Now an explanations on external and internal frustration. External Factors You are driving to work and you are right ontime. Suddenly, traffic comes to a halt. The minutes tick by as traffic creeps along at a snails pace. Finally, you start to move again, but just as your destination gets into view, the traffic freezes once again. You can see your desired destination; it’s only a few blocks away, but you can’t reach it. Now you are late for work. The perception of wasted time in particular is a big source of frustration in the contemporary United States.This is an example of frustration caused by external factors. Your goal, to get to work on time, has been blocked by an external force. What makes it so frustrating is that the antagonist in this play is completely out of your control. There is nothing you can do to change the situation, so your emotions boil up inside as you are forced to grit your teeth and bear it. Internal Factors You have a  family  and you work very hard to support them. You want to give your family the best and sometimes this means working weekends.On one of these weekends is your child’s championship soccer game. This is an example of an internal factor that causes frustration. Internal frustration is when a person has competing goals that interfere with one another. In this case, you want to provide a good living for your family, but also want to be there with your family at the same time. Another cause of internal frustration is the inability to reach a goal or act on an emotion due to either real or imagined deficiencies. How to cite Causes of Frustration, Papers

Financial Accounting Management Firm Evaluation

Question: Describe about the Financial Accounting for Management Firm Evaluation. Answer: Introduction Auditor evaluates the financial statements by the management of the firm. Management appoints the auditor but it owes a moral, ethical and professional restriction to the whole set of stakeholders in order to render a professional evaluation of the finances league. In order to makes rigid evaluation the auditor makes sure that the information shared is good enough and need to deal with more statements at the time of ambiguity rising. Until the time of any doubt statement prevailing for under expenses, assets and revenues that completely address the financial statements are not answerable to the deeds of the stakeholders. Therefore apart from the management of the firm address should be also given to stakeholders as profiting under the evaluation process (Blankespoor et al, 2013). Here the auditor at least needs to be honest and professional. Steps needed to consider before accepting to do an audit and apply them to BSF Ltd. Few considerations should be taken when the professional accountant accepts an audit task. These considerations should be based up the facts related to ethical conduct that might be a threat to the whole legal compliance. This might also result in bringing down the auditors integrity. This counts the auditors duties to collect details of the clients, finding the nature of audit task, its online work, business operations under current functions (Lukka Pihlanto, 2014). If there is some unacceptable risk in the task then it shall fall into rejection. It does mean that auditor needs to undertake proper diligence process and evaluate new proposals with care in order to know the customer (Richardson Ternes, 2014). After the Auditor accepts clients offer the firm has to evaluate certain tasks pertaining to be undertaken for evaluation thereby making it sure dragging ambiguity into their objectives. New tasks have potential threats if the client firm transit the partners or team member for holding share. If the team in finding any potential threats then the proposal made by the client is not needed to turn down but lot safeguards should follow the measures in giving surety that this does not affect the spotless audit work by reducing threat at an acceptable level process (Lodhia Hess, 2014). The auditor also frames about the potential conflict of interest that might arise because of the acceptance. Again evaluation is done to know if there persist any safeguards measures that might reduce the risk level. In case of BSF client of a specialized industry, auditor need not check about their capacity and specialized skills for setting evaluation works made by client film. There will then be a possibility of arising threat for self-interest if the auditor accepts the work without having any qualified skills to undertake the role of audit. Other matters too should be considered before driving into the work, those matters are like: deadline, resources requirement for meeting client expectation etc. If the inherent risk of the BSF Ltd.is estimated as 90% and the control risk and detection risk are estimated at, respectively, 5% and 80%, if my audit firm accept the role of doing an audit of BSF Ltd. As per the present circumstances Audit Risks is defined as a situation where the auditors states an opinion that are inappropriate and not satisfactory for the circumstances aroused out in audited financial statements. This is a combined features classified as inherent risk, detection risks and control risk (Banker et al, 2014). In case of inherent risk, this are tasks present in financial statement due to most likely of misstatements resulted from omissions or commissions which is not similar and controlled different as per the requirement. Inherent risks occurs when the organization is highly subjective like that happened with BSF limited (Welker, 2015). The research that BSF limited tackle falls under high instinctive parameters and thus requires more personal opinions and judgment for forwarding the world. This implies high inherent risk. In case of control risk, BSF limited risk was found to be 5% which is lower than expectation value. The control risk is the risk to determine material misstatements aroused out to lack of control or failure of the control mechanism (Kanagaretnam et al, 2013). To check such misstatements BSF related organizations should place their internal control measures. Therefore auditor must put a commentary regarding the organizations state of internal control. In this context, the internal control becomes more effective and shows its work in a very well form. Company like BSF should have faced higher risk due to its size and positions which are not well defined by the firm management so as to control the situation. From the other fold side, here detection risk is the inability of the auditors or part failure in detecting the potential misstatements in the financial statements of firm. The auditors reproach its duty in detecting the misstatements in the financial statement while applying the audit procedure in a very well defined manner (Kanagaretnam et al, 2013). If its team fails in detecting the commission and omission errors, complete material misstatement in the book will occur that would again bring adverse effect among users interest. Again the audit team undertakes various sample tests for minimizing the risk. Audit team usually applies the Audit risk for making the full audit risk. This is the combination value of the three risks discussed here. Here the result for the audit risk is the multiplied value of the three risk mentioned (Banker et al, 2014). Audit risk = Inherent risk x Control Risk x detection risk In determining the inherent and control risk, the auditor team should proceed in their formal procedures. Tackling of this risk minimize the overall through a formal discussion but the team will decline the engagement owing to the higher overall risks (Cervone Pervin, 2015). Detection risk is meant likewise that to residual risk and the audit members take cautious steps to reduce it. But it will devour more manpower and the time frame be discussed with management prior to the acceptance of the task. In case of high detection risk lower level of inherent and control risk can be seen. But if they are high, the audit team would accept lower level of detection risk. Here the complete risk in BSF is on the higher side when both inherent and detection risk seems to be larger. The overall audit risk is calculated as: Audit risk = Inherent risk x Control Risk x detection risk = .9 x .05 x .8 = .036 or 3.6% Normally the audit team considers anything below 10% as moderate. This indicates that audit risk in BSF Limited is low. Thus considering the audit in this case will be feasible. List and discussion that needs to be included in an audit program for the BSF Ltd. including general coverage plus the specific items covered above. Audit program is worked out by an audit team which places correct procedures of auditing required by team to collect sufficient number of audience confirmation. The procedure gets its confinement with the teams comprehensive understanding about the accounting system of the client firm like that of BSF Limited (Banker et al, 2014). The strategy devised shows a clear idea of the system and is sought to bring good impact over control tests and other substantive requirement and make sure of the evidences collected within the time frame. This program also makes sure of the audit opinion about clients financial statement. The following shall be part of the proposed audit program: Financial reports monthly Financial reports quarterly. chart of accounts listing Trial balance of the company at the year end. Review the work of the previous auditor and opinion expressed thereof. List of funding received and report showing their allocation to intended destinations. Checking of all the relevant opening balances Checking of relevant ledgers including cash and accounts receivables etc. Summarize the bank deposits and reconcile the same with home office accounts data. Reconcile bank statement with the official account. Discussion of any concerns the auditor should have for the full set of journal entries of the RD transactions from 2013 to 2016. External auditors audit the financial irregularities for effective external audit. Even the journal entries have ability to unearth the financial irregularities. Thus auditor begins and designs the process emphasizing the control of journal created by accounting department of client firms. The team also should make sure of the testing made for accuracy of journal entries and also enquire the individuals in change for entry and allocating funds process (Kanagaretnam et al, 2013). Research and development activity has set as the key factor for BSF and its success is important but here the final outcome is uncertain and thus relies upon various external factors. In successful framework it comes up like a market tool in making commercial success done through embracing the need to customer. In this case the auditor ensures the proper planning and intermediate targets through research and development activities. Again intermediate targets are tied over time scale and budgetary allocations. With respect to the commercial property potency, journal entries are tied by auditors. These actions are performed by BSF while expenses are warranted by marketing reports (Kanagaretnam et al, 2013). With relation to new research, the measurement form performance undertaken by BSF is a difficult proving scheme while expenses allocate with capital and daily expenditures. Even though, larger part is spent upon materials and capital equipment. Thus the team needs to examine and fix the proportion to be made upon the operation. However this is very subjective and should have a proper establishment as per the industry trends considered over a higher degree (Hoque, Covaleski Gooneratne, 2015). CSIRO permission is meant and needed to be used over separate principle and thus the calculated fund is $400 million out of $500 million. Therefore CSIRO allocation should handle an amount if $100 in the end of 2016. If there is any other allocation in case of the companys expenditure or due to any other purpose, then it should be pointed out. This is the work of management to completely explain the reason for deviation over the matter which later on shall be put under a different set of original entries (Cervone Pervin, 2015). In a triple-bottom line addendum (i.e. addition) to their GPFS, BSF Ltd. description of their research as being socially responsible and environmentally friendly and if I am willing to sign-off on that statement as being true and fair. Traditional reporting come under Triple bottom line and includes: social, economic and environment performances. This approach was assumed by Freer Spreckley in his late 80s to bring social audit in corporate industry. Thus by including triple bottom line approach was a benefit means for BSF Limited in its financial statements. The report about company management was found out to be socially desirable and environment friendly. This as per the audit perspective looks bit overdone. According to media reporting and many more industries this firm had fallen under the criticism of many because of its diversion made for flooding type in course of luxury fishing making thus letting out huge food sum in upcoming future (Chen et al, 2013). This path faced many criticisms calculating to its pro rich and anti- poor measurement. This led to change in firm undertaken work through counterfeiting input food segments. It can be seen that the company was initially criticized because of its fault in research methodology which passed unto correction seeing much extension. Again the auditor hesitates to sign document inclining to state that triple bottom line had led to change in dimension of research process (Vasarhelyi, Kogan Tuttle, 2015). But the auditor has to state the point of explanation about the lack of complete information and endorsement met during the discovery information. If I am willing to sign-off on that statement as being true and fair on the BSF Ltd. managements assertion on a prospectus that the patent values were predicated on BSF Ltd. having exclusive control over the bacteria-based feeds technology. Yes. The auditor would more keen in signing the document based upon the necessary information generated in due scale to insufficient marketing research. Documentations are established as per the affirmation or contended data as per the condition of the market. The clear establishment is made out of the generated revenue in the fourth coming time where the management has a clear sense of understanding of the situation. Since less market competition is seen because of the rare technology demand, therefore chances of duplication will need time. It therefore can be predicted that the form would see any completion based upon the current market research (Richardson Ternes, 2014). Even though the market has potential to get changed in 1-2 years, this in turn can change the patent value considerably in upcoming future. However, this pricing upon the current market condition and needful perception, all the suspicion will volatile once the auditor knows about the value that the team had under taken while evaluating it. References American Accounting Association, 2015. Retraction: The Potential Impact of More Frequent Financial Reporting and Assurance: User, Preparer, and Auditor Assessments. Banker, R.D., Byzalov, D., Ciftci, M. and Mashruwala, R., 2014. The moderating effect of prior sales changes on asymmetric cost behavior. Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.221-242. Beaver, W.H., 2014. Six decades of research, teaching, and participation in the AAA.The Accounting Review,90(3), pp.859-880. Blankespoor, E., Linsmeier, T.J., Petroni, K.R. and Shakespeare, C., 2013. Fair value accounting for financial instruments: Does it improve the association between bank leverage and credit risk?The Accounting Review, 88(4), pp.1143-1177. Cervone, D. and Pervin, L.A., 2015.Personality, Binder Ready Version: Theory and Research. John Wiley Sons. Chen, L.H., Folsom, D.M., Paek, W. and Sami, H., 2013. Accounting conservatism, earnings persistence, and pricing multiples on earnings. Accounting Horizons,28(2), pp.233-260. Geerts, G.L., Graham, L.E., Mauldin, E.G., McCarthy, W.E. and Richardson, V.J., 2013. Integrating information technology into accounting research and practice.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.815-840. Guthrie, J. and Parker, L.D., 2016. Whither the accounting profession, accountants and accounting researchers? Commentary and projections. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), pp.2-10. Hoque, Z., Covaleski, M.A. and Gooneratne, T.N., 2015. A response to theoretical triangulation and pluralism in accounting research: a critical realist critique.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(7), pp.1151-1159. Kanagaretnam, K., Lim, C.Y. and Lobo, G.J., 2013. Influence of national culture on accounting conservatism and risk-taking in the banking industry. The Accounting Review,89(3), pp.1115-1149. Kim, J.B., Liu, X. and Zheng, L., 2012. The impact of mandatory IFRS adoption on audit fees: Theory and evidence.The Accounting Review,87(6), pp.2061-2094. Kim, Y., Li, S., Pan, C. and Zuo, L., 2013. The role of accounting conservatism in the equity market: Evidence from seasoned equity offerings. The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1327-1356. Lachmann, M., Trapp, I. and Trapp, R., 2016. Diversity and validity in positivist management accounting researchA longitudinal perspective over four decades.Management Accounting Research. Lodhia, S. and Hess, N., 2014. Sustainability accounting and reporting in the mining industry: current literature and directions for future research.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.43-50. Lukka, K. and Pihlanto, P., 2014. The developer of Finnish accounting theory.Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting), p.60. Richardson, S.D. and Ternes, T.A., 2014. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues.Analytical chemistry,86(6), pp.2813-2848. Vasarhelyi, M.A., Kogan, A. and Tuttle, B.M., 2015. Big data in accounting: An overview.Accounting Horizons,29(2), pp.381-396. Welker, M., 2015. Commentary On: A Re-Examination of the Cost of Capital Benefits from Higher-Quality Disclosures.Journal of Financial Reporting,1(1), pp.97-99.